article published in OnIslam.net in September 2014
If you use Google, Facebook, Twitter or YouTube, chances are you definitely heard about the ALS ice bucket challenge or may be you even took the challenge yourself.
According to ALS association website, the ice bucket challenge that started on July the 29th raised $ 94.3 million as per this writing (27th of August) and still growing every day as more and more people are accepting the challenge.
What is ALS anyway?
ALS is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease after the famous baseball player whose career suddenly ended with his diagnosis back in 1939. ALS was first described in 1869 by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot.
ALS or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. These nerve cells are in charge of delivering signals from the brain to all body muscle to initiate and control movement. As these neurons degenerate, the muscles no longer receive any impulses, paralysis gradually sets in and the muscles eventually atrophy and waste away.
ALS starts as muscle weakness especially in the limbs, and then all body muscles are affected making speech, swallowing and even breathing progressively harder. As ALS destroys the body, it shows no degenerative signs on the intellect.
Ice bucket challenge pros and cons:
No one really knows who started this ice bucket challenge, it has been there for years yet it got really viral this July 2014 when youth picked up the craze on facebook and spread it like wild fire. The idea is noble to begin with bringing people attention to a poorly known disease and collecting money to fund research hoping to find a cure. But, is this what end up happening?
For the past few days I have been interviewing many of the youth who actually took the challenge. I was asking them what is ALS and how pouring a bucket of ice on your head would bring any benefit to the cause? The answers were purely disappointing. Many or even most of them weren’t taking the whole thing seriously. It was a mere fun trend. No awareness raised and no money donated.
Another concern was raised about the safety of this action altogether especially after it was linked to the death of a teenage boy in Burntisland[1], Scotland who died jumping into Inverkeithing quarry. Teens and kids who took the craze and spread the challenge could ignorantly invoke catastrophic actions.
The sudden shock caused by the ice cold water could also pause serious health risk in susceptible individuals especially heart patients, people with low blood pressure or those on blood pressure medications and individuals suffering from poor immunity.
Did the ice bucket challenge fulfill its goals?
The ice bucket challenge had two main goals: raising awareness and funds.
No one can deny that the challenge actually helped raising unexpectedly great amount of funds, yet no one can deny also that increasing public awareness still has long way to go.
Some health experts even question the actual value of the money raised by the event. Sayer Ji, the founder of GreenMedInfo.com, is questioning if we are funding ‘the right’ research. According to Ji, more money should be directed into investigation of the real causes and natural cures for ALS instead of just directing research funds into chemical intervention[2].
Causes of ALS:
Conventional medicine defines no specific cause for ALS. No doctor could really tell you how it starts and why. According to National Institute of neurological disorders and stroke, 90 to 95 % of all ALS cases occur “at random with no clearly associated risk factors. Individuals with this sporadic form of the disease do not have a family history of ALS”[3].
Sine 1993, research keeps pointing at genetic mutations that could be implicated in the disease. One of the main implicated mutations is in the gene that produces the SOD1 enzyme[4]. We do not know how this mutation leads to nerve degeneration, but we do know that this specific enzyme SOD1 (superoxide dismutase) is a powerful antioxidant essential for ridding the body of the damaging effects of free radicals and protecting our mitochondria, the most valuable energy generator in every cell of our body.
Other risk factors for ALS include exposure to toxic or infectious agents, as well as physical trauma or behavioral and occupational factors. Many studies link smoking, high exposure to chemicals, pesticides and electromagnetic frequencies (EMF), certain prescription medications, and heavy metal toxicity to chronic degenerative disease including ALS[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10].
Treatment of ALS
Conventional medicine offers no cure for ALS. Treatments are aimed at relieving symptoms while the neural degeneration is progressing. The only FDA approved drug for the disease is Riluzole (Rilutek). It acts by decreasing the release of glutamate neurotransmitters which is believed to delay the damage of the motor nerve cells. Riluzole delays the onset of respiratory and swallowing difficulty; yet, unfortunately, it does not reverse the damage already incurred to the nerve cells and does little to stop further degeneration. Basically, it buys the patient some time.
Natural hope
The name of the disease A-myo-trophic comes from the Greek language. "A" means no, "myo" means muscle, and "trophic" means nourishment… It basically denotes the main cause: "No muscle nourishment" which eventually leads to its atrophy.[11]
So, what nourishment do our muscles need?
A study published in the journal of neuroscience research, shows a clear relationship between oxidative damage and the onset and progression of ALS[12]. Other research shows the increased oxidative damage to the mitochondria in patients with ALS[13]. These findings may explain the mechanism by which the SOD1 genetic mutation is implicated in the nerve damage, and in turn they give hope for the “potential benefits of antioxidant therapy”, as the authors suggest.
Hundreds of scientific studies point at important nutrients needed to stop this oxidative damage and to nourish the muscles and the neurons that innervate them for ALS prevention and management.
The most important dietary intervention is Antioxidants. A high intake of food rich in antioxidants especially fruits and vegetables has been shown to lower risk of ALS[14] [15]. Powerful antioxidant supplements like alpha lipoic acid[16] , Selenium, glutathione, Superoxide dismutase[17], vitamin E[18] [19], and co enzyme Q10[20] [21] also showed high degree of protection and even therapeutic promises.
High intake of essential fatty acids, especially omega 3 poly unsaturated fats, was associated with a significant reduction in ALS risk[22] [23].
Vitamin D, B12 and adequate intake of high quality protein are also major factors in prevention, risk reduction and management of the disease. [24] [25] [26] [27]
Furthermore, studies are pointing at many helpful herbal remedies and phytonutrients like curcumin from turmeric[28], EGCG from green tea[29], resveratrol from red and purple grapes[30], and rosmarinic acid from the culinary rosemary herb[31]
Muscle nourishment does not stop with food, though. Physical exercise and muscle training have a major role to play in the onset, progression and management of the disease. Moderate exercise and aqua therapy were found to delay the decline in motor function in ALS patients[32] [33].
Emotional & spiritual nourishments
Breathing exercises and mindfulness training were found to offer great value in improving quality of life of ALS sufferers[34] [35]. Mindful breathing anchors us in the present moment and urges us to slow down and think about beliefs, perceptions and lifestyles that serve us no longer. Awareness is the first step in any holistic healing protocol, and ALS is no exception.
In his book ‘When the Body Says No’, Gabor Maté, M.D. discusses the emotional and spiritual root of chronic and life threatening illnesses as he studied them during his many years in family practice and as palliative care physician[36]. The striking resemblance between all ALS patients, he noticed, is the “rigidly competent behavior - that is, the inability to ask or receive help and the chronic exclusion of so-called negative feelings”. ALS sufferers are usually ‘nice’ people who choose to bottle up their fears, worries and anger and deny their pains and sufferings. Emotional repression is the first feature you notice when you dig deeper into their history. They are lonely most of the time; usually lack a solid support system and live their life with a “compulsive sense of duty to others”. Another prominent feature among them is overachievement. Most, if not all, ALS patients have a history of success, accomplishment and energetic work, yet they “deny their success and they are totally unwilling to accept heir self-worth”, as Maté puts it.
There is always hope
Dr. Christine Northrop, in her book, ‘Women’s Body Women’s Wisdom’, relates the story of one of her patients who suffered from ALS and managed to totally control the symptoms by assuming back responsibility for her life. According to Northrop, the lady healed through the “conscious daily practice of emotional self-inventory and self -love that little by little, unfroze each part of her body”[37]
Stephen Hawking, the famous physician whose work bridges the gap between Einstein relativity theory and modern quantum physics has been diagnosed with ALS in the age of 21 and was given 2 to 3 years to live. Hawking defied his death sentence. He had, as Maté described, a “spirited determination not to allow the disease to defeat him”. Despite his physical disability, Hawking was married twice and had 3 children. Today, more than 60 years later, he is the director of Research at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and Founder of the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at Cambridge.
So, for all of you who took the ice bucket challenge -and those who didn’t- I hope this article inspires you to spread not just awareness, but also hope. If there is a will, there will always be a way. Chronic and debilitating diseases are not life sentences; they are warnings, lessons and light posts that ‘challenge’ us to find a way and a meaning… They urge us to pause and ponder, to reflect on the way we live our life and choose for the days ahead.
References
[1] http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-28925759
[2] Ji, S. 2014. 60+ Natural ALS Cures the "Ice Washing" Campaign Isn't Funding! http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/60-natural-als-cures-ice-washing-campaign-isnt-funding
[3] National Institute of neurological disorders and stroke. 2014. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/detail_ALS.htm#266914842
[4] National Institute of neurological disorders and stroke. 2014. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/detail_ALS.htm#266914842
[5] Kamel, F. 2012. PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. Neurotoxicology. 33(3): 457–462.
[6] Alonso, A., et. Al. 2010. Association of smoking with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk and survival in men and women: a prospective study. BMC Neurology 2010, 10:6
[7] Kamel, F. . et. Al. 2008. Association of Lead Exposure with Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Environ Health Perspect.; 116(7): 943–947
[8] Chung-Yi Li, Fung-Chang Sung. 2003. Association between occupational exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Ind Med.;43(2):212-20.
[9] Fang, F et. Al. 2010. Association between blood lead and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.. Am J Epidemiol. 15;171(10):1126-33
[10] Golomb, B. A. 2009. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like conditions in possible association with cholesterol-lowering drugs: an analysis of patient reports to the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Statin Effects Study. Drug Saf. 2009;32(8):649-61
[11] http://www.alsa.org/
[12] Hall, E.D. et. al. 1998. Relationship of oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidative damage to disease onset and progression in a transgenic model of familial ALS. J Neurosci Res. 1998 Jul 1;53(1):66-77.
[13] Murata, T., Ohtsuka, C. &, Terayama, Y. 2008. increased mitochondrial oxidative damage in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Apr 15;267(1-2):66-9
[14] Okamoto, K. et. Al. 2003. Life Sci.;74(5):663-73.
[15] Albarracin, S. et. Al. 2012. Nutr Neurosci.;15(1):1-9.
[16]O A Andreassen et al. 2001. Exp Neurol.;168(2):419-24.
[17] Apostolski et al. 1995. Scand J Rheumatol.;24(2):85-93.
[18] D Michal Freedman et. Al. 2013. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener.;14(4):246-51.
[19] Hao Wang et. Al. 2011. Am J Epidemiol. ;173(6):595-602.
[20] K L Ferrante et. Al. 2005. Neurology.;65(11):1834-6.
[21] M Flint Beal. 2002. Free Radic Res.;36(4):455-60.
[22] J H Veldink et. al. 2007. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.;78(4):367-71.
[23] Kathryn C Fitzgerald et. Al. 2014. JAMA Neurol. Epub 2014 Jul 14.
[24] Yuishin Izumi & Ryuji Kaji. 2007. Brain Nerve.;59(10):1141-7.
[25] Chafic Karam et. Al. 2013. J Clin Neurosci. 2013 Nov ;20(11):1550-3.
[26] : Luciano Bruno de Carvalho Silva et. Al.. 2010. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.;68(2):263-8.
[27] Aldina Venerosi et. Al. 2011. Mol Nutr Food Res.;55(4):541-52.
[28] Hoon Ryu et. Al. 2005. J Neurochem. 2005 Jun ;93(5):1087-98.
[29] Zhihao Xu et. Al. 2006. Neurochem Res.;31(10):1263-9.
[30] Soyoung Han et. Al. 2012. Brain Res.;1483:112-7.
[31] Yosuke Shimojo et. Al. 2010. J Neurosci Res.;88(4):896-904.
[32] Isabel Carreras et al. 2010. Brain Res.;1313:192-201.
[33] Alyson R Plecash & Blair R Leavitt. 2014. J Huntingtons Dis.;3(1):5-11.
[34] Rachel Nardin et. Al. 2008. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis.;10(2):56-60.
[35] Francesco Pagnini et. Al. 2014. J Altern Complement Med.;20(4):272-5.
[36] Maté, G. 2012. When the body says no. Vintage Canada
[37] Maté, G. 2012. When the body says no. Vintage Canada
According to ALS association website, the ice bucket challenge that started on July the 29th raised $ 94.3 million as per this writing (27th of August) and still growing every day as more and more people are accepting the challenge.
What is ALS anyway?
ALS is also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease after the famous baseball player whose career suddenly ended with his diagnosis back in 1939. ALS was first described in 1869 by the French neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot.
ALS or Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord. These nerve cells are in charge of delivering signals from the brain to all body muscle to initiate and control movement. As these neurons degenerate, the muscles no longer receive any impulses, paralysis gradually sets in and the muscles eventually atrophy and waste away.
ALS starts as muscle weakness especially in the limbs, and then all body muscles are affected making speech, swallowing and even breathing progressively harder. As ALS destroys the body, it shows no degenerative signs on the intellect.
Ice bucket challenge pros and cons:
No one really knows who started this ice bucket challenge, it has been there for years yet it got really viral this July 2014 when youth picked up the craze on facebook and spread it like wild fire. The idea is noble to begin with bringing people attention to a poorly known disease and collecting money to fund research hoping to find a cure. But, is this what end up happening?
For the past few days I have been interviewing many of the youth who actually took the challenge. I was asking them what is ALS and how pouring a bucket of ice on your head would bring any benefit to the cause? The answers were purely disappointing. Many or even most of them weren’t taking the whole thing seriously. It was a mere fun trend. No awareness raised and no money donated.
Another concern was raised about the safety of this action altogether especially after it was linked to the death of a teenage boy in Burntisland[1], Scotland who died jumping into Inverkeithing quarry. Teens and kids who took the craze and spread the challenge could ignorantly invoke catastrophic actions.
The sudden shock caused by the ice cold water could also pause serious health risk in susceptible individuals especially heart patients, people with low blood pressure or those on blood pressure medications and individuals suffering from poor immunity.
Did the ice bucket challenge fulfill its goals?
The ice bucket challenge had two main goals: raising awareness and funds.
No one can deny that the challenge actually helped raising unexpectedly great amount of funds, yet no one can deny also that increasing public awareness still has long way to go.
Some health experts even question the actual value of the money raised by the event. Sayer Ji, the founder of GreenMedInfo.com, is questioning if we are funding ‘the right’ research. According to Ji, more money should be directed into investigation of the real causes and natural cures for ALS instead of just directing research funds into chemical intervention[2].
Causes of ALS:
Conventional medicine defines no specific cause for ALS. No doctor could really tell you how it starts and why. According to National Institute of neurological disorders and stroke, 90 to 95 % of all ALS cases occur “at random with no clearly associated risk factors. Individuals with this sporadic form of the disease do not have a family history of ALS”[3].
Sine 1993, research keeps pointing at genetic mutations that could be implicated in the disease. One of the main implicated mutations is in the gene that produces the SOD1 enzyme[4]. We do not know how this mutation leads to nerve degeneration, but we do know that this specific enzyme SOD1 (superoxide dismutase) is a powerful antioxidant essential for ridding the body of the damaging effects of free radicals and protecting our mitochondria, the most valuable energy generator in every cell of our body.
Other risk factors for ALS include exposure to toxic or infectious agents, as well as physical trauma or behavioral and occupational factors. Many studies link smoking, high exposure to chemicals, pesticides and electromagnetic frequencies (EMF), certain prescription medications, and heavy metal toxicity to chronic degenerative disease including ALS[5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10].
Treatment of ALS
Conventional medicine offers no cure for ALS. Treatments are aimed at relieving symptoms while the neural degeneration is progressing. The only FDA approved drug for the disease is Riluzole (Rilutek). It acts by decreasing the release of glutamate neurotransmitters which is believed to delay the damage of the motor nerve cells. Riluzole delays the onset of respiratory and swallowing difficulty; yet, unfortunately, it does not reverse the damage already incurred to the nerve cells and does little to stop further degeneration. Basically, it buys the patient some time.
Natural hope
The name of the disease A-myo-trophic comes from the Greek language. "A" means no, "myo" means muscle, and "trophic" means nourishment… It basically denotes the main cause: "No muscle nourishment" which eventually leads to its atrophy.[11]
So, what nourishment do our muscles need?
A study published in the journal of neuroscience research, shows a clear relationship between oxidative damage and the onset and progression of ALS[12]. Other research shows the increased oxidative damage to the mitochondria in patients with ALS[13]. These findings may explain the mechanism by which the SOD1 genetic mutation is implicated in the nerve damage, and in turn they give hope for the “potential benefits of antioxidant therapy”, as the authors suggest.
Hundreds of scientific studies point at important nutrients needed to stop this oxidative damage and to nourish the muscles and the neurons that innervate them for ALS prevention and management.
The most important dietary intervention is Antioxidants. A high intake of food rich in antioxidants especially fruits and vegetables has been shown to lower risk of ALS[14] [15]. Powerful antioxidant supplements like alpha lipoic acid[16] , Selenium, glutathione, Superoxide dismutase[17], vitamin E[18] [19], and co enzyme Q10[20] [21] also showed high degree of protection and even therapeutic promises.
High intake of essential fatty acids, especially omega 3 poly unsaturated fats, was associated with a significant reduction in ALS risk[22] [23].
Vitamin D, B12 and adequate intake of high quality protein are also major factors in prevention, risk reduction and management of the disease. [24] [25] [26] [27]
Furthermore, studies are pointing at many helpful herbal remedies and phytonutrients like curcumin from turmeric[28], EGCG from green tea[29], resveratrol from red and purple grapes[30], and rosmarinic acid from the culinary rosemary herb[31]
Muscle nourishment does not stop with food, though. Physical exercise and muscle training have a major role to play in the onset, progression and management of the disease. Moderate exercise and aqua therapy were found to delay the decline in motor function in ALS patients[32] [33].
Emotional & spiritual nourishments
Breathing exercises and mindfulness training were found to offer great value in improving quality of life of ALS sufferers[34] [35]. Mindful breathing anchors us in the present moment and urges us to slow down and think about beliefs, perceptions and lifestyles that serve us no longer. Awareness is the first step in any holistic healing protocol, and ALS is no exception.
In his book ‘When the Body Says No’, Gabor Maté, M.D. discusses the emotional and spiritual root of chronic and life threatening illnesses as he studied them during his many years in family practice and as palliative care physician[36]. The striking resemblance between all ALS patients, he noticed, is the “rigidly competent behavior - that is, the inability to ask or receive help and the chronic exclusion of so-called negative feelings”. ALS sufferers are usually ‘nice’ people who choose to bottle up their fears, worries and anger and deny their pains and sufferings. Emotional repression is the first feature you notice when you dig deeper into their history. They are lonely most of the time; usually lack a solid support system and live their life with a “compulsive sense of duty to others”. Another prominent feature among them is overachievement. Most, if not all, ALS patients have a history of success, accomplishment and energetic work, yet they “deny their success and they are totally unwilling to accept heir self-worth”, as Maté puts it.
There is always hope
Dr. Christine Northrop, in her book, ‘Women’s Body Women’s Wisdom’, relates the story of one of her patients who suffered from ALS and managed to totally control the symptoms by assuming back responsibility for her life. According to Northrop, the lady healed through the “conscious daily practice of emotional self-inventory and self -love that little by little, unfroze each part of her body”[37]
Stephen Hawking, the famous physician whose work bridges the gap between Einstein relativity theory and modern quantum physics has been diagnosed with ALS in the age of 21 and was given 2 to 3 years to live. Hawking defied his death sentence. He had, as Maté described, a “spirited determination not to allow the disease to defeat him”. Despite his physical disability, Hawking was married twice and had 3 children. Today, more than 60 years later, he is the director of Research at the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics and Founder of the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at Cambridge.
So, for all of you who took the ice bucket challenge -and those who didn’t- I hope this article inspires you to spread not just awareness, but also hope. If there is a will, there will always be a way. Chronic and debilitating diseases are not life sentences; they are warnings, lessons and light posts that ‘challenge’ us to find a way and a meaning… They urge us to pause and ponder, to reflect on the way we live our life and choose for the days ahead.
References
[1] http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-28925759
[2] Ji, S. 2014. 60+ Natural ALS Cures the "Ice Washing" Campaign Isn't Funding! http://www.greenmedinfo.com/blog/60-natural-als-cures-ice-washing-campaign-isnt-funding
[3] National Institute of neurological disorders and stroke. 2014. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/detail_ALS.htm#266914842
[4] National Institute of neurological disorders and stroke. 2014. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/amyotrophiclateralsclerosis/detail_ALS.htm#266914842
[5] Kamel, F. 2012. PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. Neurotoxicology. 33(3): 457–462.
[6] Alonso, A., et. Al. 2010. Association of smoking with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis risk and survival in men and women: a prospective study. BMC Neurology 2010, 10:6
[7] Kamel, F. . et. Al. 2008. Association of Lead Exposure with Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Environ Health Perspect.; 116(7): 943–947
[8] Chung-Yi Li, Fung-Chang Sung. 2003. Association between occupational exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Am J Ind Med.;43(2):212-20.
[9] Fang, F et. Al. 2010. Association between blood lead and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.. Am J Epidemiol. 15;171(10):1126-33
[10] Golomb, B. A. 2009. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-like conditions in possible association with cholesterol-lowering drugs: an analysis of patient reports to the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) Statin Effects Study. Drug Saf. 2009;32(8):649-61
[11] http://www.alsa.org/
[12] Hall, E.D. et. al. 1998. Relationship of oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidative damage to disease onset and progression in a transgenic model of familial ALS. J Neurosci Res. 1998 Jul 1;53(1):66-77.
[13] Murata, T., Ohtsuka, C. &, Terayama, Y. 2008. increased mitochondrial oxidative damage in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Apr 15;267(1-2):66-9
[14] Okamoto, K. et. Al. 2003. Life Sci.;74(5):663-73.
[15] Albarracin, S. et. Al. 2012. Nutr Neurosci.;15(1):1-9.
[16]O A Andreassen et al. 2001. Exp Neurol.;168(2):419-24.
[17] Apostolski et al. 1995. Scand J Rheumatol.;24(2):85-93.
[18] D Michal Freedman et. Al. 2013. Amyotroph Lateral Scler Frontotemporal Degener.;14(4):246-51.
[19] Hao Wang et. Al. 2011. Am J Epidemiol. ;173(6):595-602.
[20] K L Ferrante et. Al. 2005. Neurology.;65(11):1834-6.
[21] M Flint Beal. 2002. Free Radic Res.;36(4):455-60.
[22] J H Veldink et. al. 2007. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry.;78(4):367-71.
[23] Kathryn C Fitzgerald et. Al. 2014. JAMA Neurol. Epub 2014 Jul 14.
[24] Yuishin Izumi & Ryuji Kaji. 2007. Brain Nerve.;59(10):1141-7.
[25] Chafic Karam et. Al. 2013. J Clin Neurosci. 2013 Nov ;20(11):1550-3.
[26] : Luciano Bruno de Carvalho Silva et. Al.. 2010. Arq Neuropsiquiatr.;68(2):263-8.
[27] Aldina Venerosi et. Al. 2011. Mol Nutr Food Res.;55(4):541-52.
[28] Hoon Ryu et. Al. 2005. J Neurochem. 2005 Jun ;93(5):1087-98.
[29] Zhihao Xu et. Al. 2006. Neurochem Res.;31(10):1263-9.
[30] Soyoung Han et. Al. 2012. Brain Res.;1483:112-7.
[31] Yosuke Shimojo et. Al. 2010. J Neurosci Res.;88(4):896-904.
[32] Isabel Carreras et al. 2010. Brain Res.;1313:192-201.
[33] Alyson R Plecash & Blair R Leavitt. 2014. J Huntingtons Dis.;3(1):5-11.
[34] Rachel Nardin et. Al. 2008. J Clin Neuromuscul Dis.;10(2):56-60.
[35] Francesco Pagnini et. Al. 2014. J Altern Complement Med.;20(4):272-5.
[36] Maté, G. 2012. When the body says no. Vintage Canada
[37] Maté, G. 2012. When the body says no. Vintage Canada
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